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2 Twentieth-century market power and antitrust.1.9 1993–2018: IBM's near disaster and rebirth.
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Clone makers undersold IBM, while the profits went to chip makers like Intel or software houses like Microsoft.Īfter a series of reorganizations, IBM remains one of the world's largest computer companies and systems integrators. IBM did introduce a popular line of microcomputers – but it was too popular. Desktop machines had the power needed and were vastly easier for both users and managers than multi-million-dollar mainframes. The late 1980s and early 1990s were difficult for IBM – losses in 1993 exceeded $8 billion – as the mainframe giant failed to adjust quickly enough to the personal computer revolution. Brushing off clone makers, and facing down a federal anti-trust suit, the giant sold reputation and security as well as hardware and was the most admired American corporation of the 1970s and 1980s.
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IBM offered a full range of hardware, software, and service agreements, so that users, as their needs grew, would stay with "Big Blue." Since most software was custom-written by in-house programmers and would run on only one brand of computers, it was too expensive to switch brands. Its great breakthrough came in the 1960s with its System/360 family of mainframe computers. IBM's first experiments with computers in the 1940s and 1950s were modest advances on the card-based system. Customers were advised to not "fold, spindle, or mutilate" the cardboard cards.
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Watson was a salesman and concentrated on building a highly motivated, very well paid sales force that could craft solutions for clients unfamiliar with the latest technology.
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In 1924 the company changed its name to "International Business Machines." IBM expanded into electric typewriters and other office machines. Watson (1874–1956) joined the company in 1914 as General Manager and became its President in 1915.
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In 1911, these companies were amalgamated into the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). IBM originated from the bringing together of several companies that worked to automate routine business transactions, including the first companies to build punched card based data tabulating machines and to build time clocks. International Business Machines ( IBM), nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational computer technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( March 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.
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